Organic and Supramolecular Synthesis and Functional Outcomes

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Since 2008, the underlying theme of our research lies at the interface between synthetic efforts on small molecules/polymers and macroscopic properties at the materials level, thus developing a supramolecular approach to bio-inspired organic and hybrid functional materials. The major objective is the improvements in the opto-electronic properties of π-conjugated systems via a supramolecular self-assembly approach. Some of the specific areas of research initiated in our supramolecular chemistry laboratory are organic/supramolecular synthesis of pi-conjugated systems, charge-transfer nano-fibers, organic-inorganic hybrid materials, stimuli-responsive/supramolecular polymers, bio-inspired dynamic assemblies, and helical assemblies.

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Since 2015, we directed our research work towards understanding of self-organization of biological systems that have amazing spatio-temporal control over their self-assembly and functions as well as utilizing the knowledge of supramolecular organization for material applications such as development of novel functional organic and hybrid materials. During this period, we made unique contributions in the field of mechanistic aspects of supramolecular polymerizations and the design of living and non-equilibrium supramolecular polymerization.

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The research output from our group has had significant impact on recent developments in in both Basic and Applied Chemistry. Our pioneering work on temporal supramolecular polymers has resulted in fundamental mechanistic understanding of non-equilibrium processes governing their synthesis, advancing the frontiers in this area of research. On the other hand, we brought in novel concepts in soft materials leading to organic opto-electronic devices with enhanced efficiency. With a focus on the supramolecular self-assembly, our research interest has strong emphasis on (i) Fundamental understanding of supramolecular polymerization in terms of mechanisms, active at various time and length scales and (ii) Applications of functional supramolecular organic materials in optoelectronic devices. The followings are our recent area of interest:

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1) Bioinspired Fuel-driven Living and Transient Supramolecular Polymerization

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Biological systems host complex adaptive networks with precise Spatio-temporal control, coupled with sophisticated functionality. In the recent past, our group has made significant inroads towards elucidating the synthetic strategies for the realization of these concepts in materials. Extracting the gist of out-of-equilibrium, fuel-driven networks from the biological world, chemical fuel-driven supramolecular polymerization strategies pioneered in our research laboratory have notably advanced the frontiers of constructing controllable and adaptive materials with mono-disperse structure and predictive sequences. The following are some of the strategies used by us towards achieving adaptive, autonomous, and like-life out-of-equilibrium supramolecular materials.

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1A) ATP-fuelled, enzymatically Controlled Approach

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Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 5793.                        (Highlighted in Nature Chemistry, Nature India) 

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 129, 1349.       (Hot Article, Highlighted in Nature Nanotechnology)

J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 16568.           (JACS Front Cover, Spotlight Article) 

Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 1295;

Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 2018, 91, 687-699; 

Chem. Commun., 2020, 56, 1505-1508;

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020 (https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202006614).

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Inspired from Actin protein assemblies, which shows controlled polymerization in response to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) fuel via nucleation-elongation process in a temporal manner to regulate mechanical stability of cell, we have introduced ATP selective and ATP-fuelled synthetic strategies to controlled supramolecular polymerization of a phosphate receptor functionalized monomer (dormant monomer). Here, the system undergoes fuel-driven nucleation and seeded growth that provide length control and narrow dispersity of the resultant assemblies. Furthermore, coupling via ATP-hydrolysing enzymes yielded its transient characteristics. Such control originates from growth kinetics to dimensional control on one end, to lifetime of materials on the other. We believe this temporally controlled living (with active chain termini) and transient self-assembly approach not only is a conceptual synonym to a much bigger and complex biological relative, but it also provides primed precursors of complex active materials to be developed in the years to come.

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1B) Chemical Reaction-driven Strategies

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Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 450;

Chem. Sci. 2020 (https://doi.org/10.1039/D0SC02670K).

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Recently, we developed a common synthetic strategy that works on biological principles such as chemical fuel-driven control over structural and temporal self-assembly profile. We employ simple yet powerful dynamic covalent bond chemistry, where covalent bonds are being made and broken by synthetic means only, to kinetically control the formation of supramolecular polymer. Here, we apply chemical reaction(s) to activate building blocks to trigger their assembly in a kinetically controlled manner, later returning back to the original state under the same reaction conditions. In our recent work we explored the pH responsive imine chemistry where the design involves the conversion of non-assembling CT complex (inactive/dormant state) between aromatic donor and benzaldehyde substituted viologen acceptor into a self-assembling CT amphiphile (active state) via an in situ kinetically controlled imine bond formation with an alkyl amine (fuel) similar to inactive and active states of protein monomers in biological assemblies which can be triggered by a fuel. Further, in our biomimetic approach, we deployed two orthogonal enzymatic reaction networks to create adaptive, autonomous, and like-life out-of-equilibrium supramolecular materials. 

 

1C) Redox-fuelled Systems

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Chem. Sci. 2017, 8, 6030.                                       (Hot Article, Chem. Sci. Blog) 

ChemSystemsChem. 2019. 1, e1900042;

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2020, 12, 5, 5259-5264.

Nature Communications, 2020,11,3967.

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Over the years this highly competitive and active area of research has witnessed seminal works from leading groups around the world. However, their applied strategies remain specific to systems and inherent molecular structures as the entailing characteristics such as mechanism, energetic parameters, and monomer exchange dynamics are significantly diverse among various classes of supramolecular polymers. In this context, the redox chemistry mediated approaches introduced by us provide a general strategy applicable to a wide domain of monomers and materials. For example, our recent approach is reminiscent of well-known reversible-deactivation radical polymerization methods (also known as living radical polymerization) such as ATRP, NMP, RAFT, etc. in the field of polymer chemistry for the controlled synthesis of covalent polymers with precise degree of polymerization, dispersity and sequence.

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Hence, this fuel-driven supramolecular polymerization ushers a new area in supramolecular chemistry whereby researchers could start to apply similar tricks to those that ATRP/NMR/RAFT polymer chemists frequently apply, to create multi-component dynamic materials with precision and sequence.

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2) Multicomponent Supramolecular Polymerization

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Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 13767.

J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020,142,16,7606-7617.

J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020 (https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c04404).

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020 (https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202006248).

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Creating a general strategy, applicable to a large class of molecules, for controlled aggregation effectively impacts its functional aspects as well. The structural and sequence control brings areas such as energy transfer, catalysis, chemical signalling into the domain of temporal control, opening up possibilities that photonic materials, organo-catalysts, electronically active materials and drug delivery platforms could be potentially designed with precise structure and temporally executed, thus mimicking the adaptive characteristics of biological world. In addition, this development is expected to have a deeper impact on soft-lithography of organic nanostructures as kinetically controlled processes adding finesse to device fabrication. Control over the temporal profile of material growth allows unprecedented sequence control of supramolecular aggregates leading to fabrication of complex, multicomponent structures such as, the exotic and highly coveted, axial p-n organic hetero-junctions and heterostructures at nanoscale and over the length scale of supramolecular polymers. Recently, we have shown kinetic and thermodynamically controlled approaches for the design of axial organic heterostructures, via the supramolecular block co-polymerization of opto-electronically active organic semiconducting monomers.

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3) Organic Optoelectronics

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Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 17115,

Chem. Eur. J. 2019, 25, 16007-16011,

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 1-6.

Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 2003693.

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Triplet harvesting of organic chromophores is considered as the most viable way to improve the efficiency of organic light emitting materials, though the stabilization of organic triplets under ambient conditions is difficult due to oxygen and vibrational quenching. Supramolecular approaches developed by our group lead to remarkable stabilization of triplets even in aqueous environments enabling applications in imaging and humidity sensors. Further we demonstrated a unique energy transfer from the triplets of these long-lived organic phosphors to the singlet energy levels of commercially available fluorescent dyes. This strategy provides a new mechanism to achieve unprecedented fluorescence afterglow, with potential application in indoor lighting and as cool. Further our group has pioneered the research in thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules in India, which is considered as the most efficient strategy to harvest triplets.

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